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Visual Summaries

Evidensia’s Visual Summaries help you make sense of what the available evidence says on key research questions. The summaries plot individual statistical results from all relevant impact evaluation studies reviewed as part of specific research synthesis efforts undertaken by us or other researchers with each square representing one result from a study.

For more information on the methodology and type of evidence included in these Visual Summaries visit the Evidensia Approach and Methodology page and scroll down to Visual Summaries.

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Intervention performed better (strongest studies)
Intervention performed better
No significant difference (strongest studies)
No significant difference
Intervention performed worse (strongest studies)
Intervention performed worse
Sustainability issues and outcomes
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Wages and workers' rights
61
59
137
98
25
18
Forced or bonded labor
Occupational health and safety
Terms and conditions of work
Wages and remuneration
Workers voice and representation
Bibliography of visualised research
Wages and workers' rights
Antolin, A., Babbitt, L., Brown, D. and Wen, H., 'Is Social Compliance Win-Win for Workers and Firms?' Better Work Discussion paper 39, 2020, ILO
Babbitt, L., 'Supervisory Skills Training Impact Evaluation' , Better Work Discussion paper 22, 2016, ILO
Bartley, T. and Egels‐Zandén, N., 'Responsibility and neglect in global production networks: the uneven significance of codes of conduct in Indonesian factories', Global Networks, 15(s1), 2015, pp.S21-S44
Beekman, G., Dekkers, M. and Koster, T., 'Towards a sustainable banana supply chain in Colombia: Rainforest Alliance Certification and economic, social and environment conditions on small-scale banana plantations in Magdalena, Colombia', 2019, Wageningen Economic Research.
Bossavie, L., Cho, Y. and Heath, R., 'The effects of international scrutiny on manufacturing workers: Evidence from the Rana Plaza collapse in Bangladesh', IZA Discussion Papers, No. 13782, 2020, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Colen, L., Maertens, M. and Swinnen, J., 'Private standards, trade and poverty: GlobalGAP and horticultural employment in Senegal', The World Economy, 35(8), 2012, pp.1073-1088
Cramer, C., Johnston, D., Mueller, B., Oya, C. and Sender, J., 'Fairtrade and labour markets in Ethiopia and Uganda', The Journal of Development Studies, 53(6), 2017, pp.841-856
Cramer, C., Johnston, D., Oya, C. and Sender, J., 'Fairtrade, employment and poverty reduction in Ethiopia and Uganda', 2014, SOAS
Distelhorst, G. and Shin, J.E., 'Assessing the social impact of corporations: Evidence from management control interventions in the supply chain to increase worker wages', Journal of Accounting Research, 2023.
Djaya, D., Brown, D. and Lupo, L.. 'An Impact Evaluation of Better Work from a Gender Perspective: Analyzing Worker Surveys from Haiti, Nicaragua, Indonesia, Vietnam and Jordan', Better Work Discussion paper 30, 2019, ILO
Ehlert, C.R., Mithöfer, D. and Waibel, H., 'Worker welfare on Kenyan export vegetable farms', Food Policy, 46, 2014, pp.66-73.
García, C., García, J., Ochoa, G., Mora, J.C. and Castellanos, J.F., 'Impact Evaluation of Utz Certifies Coffee Program in Colombia', Centro de Estudios Regionales Cafeteros y Empresariales: Manizales, Colombia, 2014, p.51.
Ghori, S. , Lund-Thomsen, P. , Gallemore, C. , Singh, S. , Riisgaard, L., Compliance and cooperation in global value chains: the effects of the better cotton initiative in Pakistan and India., Elsevier Ltd, 2022
Graz, J.C., Sobrino Piazza, J. and Walter, A., 'Labour Standards in Global Production Networks: Assessing Transnational Private Regulation and Workers' Capacity to Act', Development and Change, 53(4), 2022, pp.912-937
Hollweg, C.H., 'Firm Compliance and Public Disclosure in Vietnam', Better Work Discussion paper 31, 2019, ILO
Jerrentrup, P., 'The impact of collective arrangements on garment workers' wages and work hours', Better Work Discussion paper 42, 2021, ILO
Kabeer, N., Haq, L., Sulaiman, M., 'Multi-stakeholder initiatives in Bangladesh after Rana Plaza: Global norms and workers' perspectives',Working Paper Series, No. 19-193, 2019, London London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Department of International Development, London
Kabeer, N., Huq, L. and Sulaiman, M., 'Paradigm shift or business as usual? Workers' views on multi‐stakeholder initiatives in Bangladesh'. Development and Change, 51(5), 2020, pp.1360-1398
Khan, M., 'Worker voice and labor standards: study of participation committees in supply chains', Better Work Discussion paper 41, 2021, ILO
Krumbiegel K, Maertens M, Wollni M., 'The role of fairtrade certification for wages and job satisfaction of plantation workers', World Development, 102, 2018, 195-212.
Kuit, M., Guinée, L., Van Anh, P., Jansen, D. and van Rijn, F., '4C impact study phase 2: Estimating the impact of implementation of the 4C entry level standard in Uganda and Vietnam', 2016, Kuit Consultancy, Wageningen
Oka, C., 'Accounting for the gaps in labour standard compliance: The role of reputation-conscious buyers in the Cambodian garment industry', The European Journal of Development Research, 22, 2010, pp.59-78
Oka, C., 2010. Labor standard compliance and the role of buyers: The case of the Cambodian garment sector (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science)
Oya, C., Schaefer, F., Skalidou, D., McCosker, C. and Langer, L., 'Effects of certification schemes for agricultural production on socio‐economic outcomes in low‐and middle‐income countries: a systematic review', Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 2017, pp.1-346.
Rijn, F.C., L.O. Judge, R. Fort, T. Koster, Y.R. Waarts and R. Ruben, 'Fairtrade certification in the hired labour banana sector', 2016. Wageningen,LEI Wageningen UR (University & Research centre), LEI Report 2015-056.
Robertson, R., 'Apparel wages before and after: Better Factories Cambodia', Discussion Paper 3, 2011, ILO
Robertson, R., 'Lights On: Transparency and Compliance Evidence from Cambodia', Better Work Discussion paper 29, 2019, ILO
Robertson, R., 'Working Conditions, Transparency, and Compliance in Global Value Chains: Evidence from Better Work Jordan', IZA Discussion Papers, No. 12794 , 2019, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), Bonn
Van Rijn, F., Fort, R., Ruben, R., Koster, T. and Beekman, G., 'Does certification improve hired labour conditions and wageworker conditions at banana plantations?', Agriculture and Human Values, 37, 2020, pp.353-370
Waarts, Y., Ingram, V., Linderhof, V., Puister-Jansen, L., van Rijn, F. and Aryeetey, R., 'Impact of UTZ certification on cocoa producers in Ghana, 2011 to 2014', No. 2015-066. 2015, Den Haag, The Netherlands: LEI Wageningen UR
Waarts, Y.R., Ge, L., Ton, G. and Jansen, D.M., 'Sustainable Tea Production in Kenya

Results visualisation generated by Evidensia.

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Highlighted results relate to:
 
What do the labels mean?

Robust research designs for assessing the impact or contribution of a specific tool or approach usually involve the comparison of the intervention or ‘treatment’ with a suitable ‘control’. The phrase ‘intervention performed better’ means that in that case, the study found that the treatment group did better than the control group signifying that the intervention was generally successful in relation to that outcome of interest. ‘Intervention performed worse’ means that the control group performed better and that the intervention was not successful in that case. Finally, ‘No significant difference’ means that the study could not statistically establish any significant difference between the treatment and control groups in that particular case. The directionality of the result (i.e. whether the intervention performed better, worse or cannot be established) is based on the researcher’s findings.

What do solid squares mean?

The solid squares represent results from studies with experimental research designs (like randomized control trials) or quasi-experimental research designs that use matching techniques to ensure comparability of the treatment and control groups over a period of time. Such results are generally considered to have more ‘weight’ as they are backed by stronger research designs.

What do hatched squares mean?

Hatched squares represent results from studies that compare treatment and control scenarios using research designs that are not as strong as those represented by the solid square. Hatched squares are results from: a) quasi-experimental studies that use matching techniques to ensure comparability of the treatment and control groups but only at one point in time; b) quasi-experimental studies with a weak or unmatched control with data collected over time; or c) modeling studies that compared treatment and control scenarios. Such results provide a useful indication of contribution of the intervention (or lack thereof), but do not fully rule out other possible explanations for the observed differences or similarities between treatment and control groups.