摘要
Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) are widespread market-based instruments promoting sustainability through trade. While their socio-economic and environmental outcomes vary, their trade effects remain poorly understood, raising concerns about trade distortion without sustainability gains. We analyze trade effects for ten VSS across seven tropical commodity sectors, using data on VSS coverage and design, and gravity models of bilateral trade flows. We find that VSS coverage is associated with increased trade volumes and, in most cases, lower export prices; price increases occur only for some VSS and commodities. VSS adoption tends to improve market access, particularly for less stringent standards and where governance distance between trade partners—a typical trade-inhibiting factor—is large. Only VSS with stringent environmental and ethical requirements and strong compliance control generate price premiums. Overall, VSS entail the potential for sustainability trading-up, but this potential is not fully realized across tropical commodity sectors.