摘要
This study looks into the way cocoa is traded from farmer to consumer, through its various intermediaries. Specific attention goes to the Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire Living Income Initiative, which was announced in 2018. It was first implemented during the harvest season of 2020-21 as a “Living Income Differential” (LID) of 400$ per ton on top of the export price of cocoa. The reaction of market participants exposed the real drivers of cocoa trade and brings insights and recommendations into the course of action for governments, companies and civil society to make cocoa truly sustainable.